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Nguyen TT. The cholesterol-lowering action of plant stanol esters.
J Nutr
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2
Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Cholesterol reduction by different plant stanol mixtures and with variable fat intake.
Metabolism
. 1999;48:575-580.
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3
Blair SN, Capuzzi DM, Gottlieb SO, et al. Incremental reduction of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the addition of plant stanol ester-containing spread to statin therapy.
Am J Cardiol
. 2000;86:46-52.
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4
Blair SN, Capuzzi DM, Gottlieb SO, et al. Incremental reduction of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the addition of plant stanol ester-containing spread to statin therapy.
Am J Cardiol
. 2000;86:46-52.
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Plat J, van Onselen EN, van Heugten MM, et al. Effects on serum lipids, lipoproteins and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations of consumption frequency of margarines and shortenings enriched with plant stanol esters.
Eur J Clin Nutr
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Miettinen TA, Puska P, Gylling H, et al. Reduction of serum cholesterol with sitostanol-ester margarine in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population.
N Engl J Med
. 1995;333:1308-1312.
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7
Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Serum cholesterol and cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolaemic NIDDM patients before and during sitostanol ester-margarine treatment.
Diabetologia
. 1994;37:773-780.
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8
Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Cholesterol reduction by different plant stanol mixtures and with variable fat intake.
Metabolism
. 1999;48:575-580.
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9
Vanhanen HT, Blomqvist S, Ehnholm C, et al. Serum cholesterol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects with different apoE phenotypes during dietary sitostanol ester treatment.
J Lipid Res
. 1993;34:1535-1544.
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10
Blair SN, Capuzzi DM, Gottlieb SO, et al. Incremental reduction of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the addition of plant stanol ester-containing spread to statin therapy.
Am J Cardiol
. 2000;86:46-52.
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11
Nguyen TT, Dale LV, von Bergmann K, et al. Cholesterol-lowering effect of stanol ester in a US population of mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women: a randomized controlled trial.
Mayo Clin Proc
. 1999;74:1198-2206.
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12
Miettinen TA, Puska P, Gylling H, et al. Reduction of serum cholesterol with sitostanol-ester margarine in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population.
N Engl J Med
. 1995;333:1308-1312.
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13
Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Uusitupa MI. Effects of low-fat stanol ester enriched margarines on concentrations of serum carotenoids in subjects with elevated serum cholesterol concentrations.
Eur J Clin Nutr
. 1999;53:966-969.
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14
Gylling H, Siimes MA, Miettinen TA. Sitostanol ester margarine in dietary treatment of children with familial hypercholesterolemia.
J Lipid Res
. 1995;36:1807-1812.
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15
Tammi A, Ronnemaa T, Gylling H, et al. Plant stanol ester margarine lowers serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations of healthy children: the STRIP project. Special Turku Coronary Risk Factors Intervention Project.
J Pediatr
. 2000;136:503-510.
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16
Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Effects of inhibiting cholesterol absorption and synthesis on cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolemic non-insulin-dependent diabetic men.
J Lipid Res
. 1996;37:1776-1785.
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17
Williams CL, Bollella MC, Strobino BA, et al. Plant stanol ester and bran fiber in childhood: effects on lipids, stool weight and stool frequency in preschool children.
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Am Coll Nutr
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Miettinen TA, Vanhanen H. Dietary sitostanol related to absorption, synthesis and serum level of cholesterol in different apolipoprotein E phenotypes.
Atherosclerosis
. 1994;105:217-226.
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19
Heinemann T, Leiss O, von Bergmann K. Effect of low-dose sitostanol on serum cholesterol in patients with hypercholesterolemia.
Atherosclerosis
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20
Neil HA, Meijer GW, Roe LS. Randomised controlled trial of use by hypercholesterolaemic patients of a vegetable oil sterol-enriched fat spread.
Atherosclerosis
. 2001;156:329-337.
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21
Tammi A, Ronnemaa T, Gylling H, et al. Plant stanol ester margarine lowers serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations of healthy children: the STRIP project. Special Turku Coronary Risk Factors Intervention Project.
J Pediatr
. 2000;136:503-510.
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22
Law M. Plant sterol and stanol margarines and health.
BMJ
. 2000;320:861-864.
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23
Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Serum cholesterol and cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolaemic NIDDM patients before and during sitostanol ester-margarine treatment.
Diabetologia
. 1994;37:773-780.
-
24
Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Cholesterol reduction by different plant stanol mixtures and with variable fat intake.
Metabolism
. 1999;48:575-580.
-
25
Vanhanen HT, Blomqvist S, Ehnholm C, et al. Serum cholesterol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects with different apoE phenotypes during dietary sitostanol ester treatment.
J Lipid Res
. 1993;34:1535-1544.
-
26
Blair SN, Capuzzi DM, Gottlieb SO, et al. Incremental reduction of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the addition of plant stanol ester-containing spread to statin therapy.
Am J Cardiol
. 2000;86:46-52.
-
27
Nguyen TT, Dale LV, von Bergmann K, et al. Cholesterol-lowering effect of stanol ester in a US population of mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women: a randomized controlled trial.
Mayo Clin Proc
. 1999;74:1198-2206.
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28
Miettinen TA, Puska P, Gylling H, et al. Reduction of serum cholesterol with sitostanol-ester margarine in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population.
N Engl J Med
. 1995;333:1308-1312.
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29
Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Uusitupa MI. Effects of low-fat stanol ester enriched margarines on concentrations of serum carotenoids in subjects with elevated serum cholesterol concentrations.
Eur J Clin Nutr
. 1999;53:966-969.
-
30
Gylling H, Siimes MA, Miettinen TA. Sitostanol ester margarine in dietary treatment of children with familial hypercholesterolemia.
J Lipid Res
. 1995;36:1807-1812.
-
31
Tammi A, Ronnemaa T, Gylling H, et al. Plant stanol ester margarine lowers serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations of healthy children: the STRIP project. Special Turku Coronary Risk Factors Intervention Project.
J Pediatr
. 2000;136:503-510.
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32
Hallikainen MA, Uusitupa MI. Effects of 2 low-fat stanol ester-containing margarines on serum cholesterol concentrations as part of a low-fat diet in hypercholesterolemic subjects.
Am J Clin Nutr
. 1999;69:403-410.
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33
Gylling H, Radhakrishnan R, Miettinen TA. Reduction of serum cholesterol in postmenopausal women with previous myocardial infarction and cholesterol malabsorption induced by dietary sitostanol ester margarine: women and dietary sitostanol.
Circulation
. 1997;96:4226-4231.
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34
Jones PJ, Ntanios FY, Raeini-Sarjaz M, et al. Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a sitostanol-containing phytosterol mixture with a prudent diet in hyperlipidemic men.
Am J Clin Nutr
. 1999;69:1144-1150.
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35
Vanhanen HT, Kajander J, Lehtovirta H, et al. Serum levels, absorption efficiency, faecal elimination and synthesis of cholesterol during increasing doses of dietary sitostanol esters in hypercholesterolaemic subjects.
Clin Sci
. 1994;87:61-67.
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36
Neil HA, Meijer GW, Roe LS. Randomised controlled trial of use by hypercholesterolaemic patients of a vegetable oil sterol-enriched fat spread.
Atherosclerosis
. 2001;156:329-337.
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37
Nguyen TT. The cholesterol-lowering action of plant stanol esters.
J Nutr
. 1999;129:2109-2112.
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38
Maki KC, Davidson MH, Umporowicz DM, et al. Lipid responses to plant-sterol-enriched reduced-fat spreads incorporated into a National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet.
Am J Clin Nutr
. 2001;74:33-43.
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39
Miettinen TA, Puska P, Gylling H, et al. Reduction of serum cholesterol with sitostanol-ester margarine in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population.
N Engl J Med
. 1995;333:1308-1312.
-
40
Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Effects of inhibiting cholesterol absorption and synthesis on cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolemic non-insulin-dependent diabetic men.
J Lipid Res
. 1996;37:1776-1785.
-
41
Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Serum cholesterol and cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolaemic NIDDM patients before and during sitostanol ester-margarine treatment.
Diabetologia
. 1994;37:773-780.
-
42
Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Effects of inhibiting cholesterol absorption and synthesis on cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolemic non-insulin-dependent diabetic men.
J Lipid Res
. 1996;37:1776-1785.
-
43
Blair SN, Capuzzi DM, Gottlieb SO, et al. Incremental reduction of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the addition of plant stanol ester-containing spread to statin therapy.
Am J Cardiol.
2000;86:46-52.
-
44
Blair SN, Capuzzi DM, Gottlieb SO, et al. Incremental reduction of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the addition of plant stanol ester-containing spread to statin therapy.
Am J Cardiol
. 2000;86:46-52.
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45
Moghadasian MH, Frohlich JJ. Effects of dietary phytosterols on cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis: clinical and experimental evidence.
Am J Med
. 1999;107:588-594.
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46
Williams CL, Bollella MC, Strobino BA, et al. Plant stanol ester and bran fiber in childhood: effects on lipids, stool weight and stool frequency in preschool children.
J Am Coll Nutr
. 1999;18:572-581.
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47
Turnbull D, Whittaker MH, Frankos VH, et al. 13-week oral toxicity study with stanol esters in rats.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol
. 1999;29:216-226.
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48
Nguyen TT, Dale LV, von Bergmann K, et al. Cholesterol-lowering effect of stanol ester in a US population of mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women: a randomized controlled trial.
Mayo Clin Proc
. 1999;74:1198-2206.
-
49
Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Cholesterol reduction by different plant stanol mixtures and with variable fat intake.
Metabolism
. 1999;48:575-580.
-
50
Tammi A, Ronnemaa T, Gylling H, et al. Plant stanol ester margarine lowers serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations of healthy children: the STRIP project. Special Turku Coronary Risk Factors Intervention Project.
J Pediatr
. 2000;136:503-510.
-
51
Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Uusitupa MI. Effects of low-fat stanol ester enriched margarines on concentrations of serum carotenoids in subjects with elevated serum cholesterol concentrations.
Eur J Clin Nutr
. 1999;53:966-969.
-
52
Miettinen TA, Puska P, Gylling H, et al. Reduction of serum cholesterol with sitostanol-ester margarine in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population.
N Engl J Med.
1995;333:1308-1312.
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53
Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Uusitupa MI. Effects of low-fat stanol ester enriched margarines on concentrations of serum carotenoids in subjects with elevated serum cholesterol concentrations.
Eur J Clin Nutr
. 1999;53:966-969.
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54
Ostlund RE Jr, Racette SB, Okeke A, et al. Phytosterols that are naturally present in commercial corn oil significantly reduce cholesterol absorption in humans.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2002;75:1000-1004.
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Temme EH, Van Hoydonck PG, Schouten EG, et al. Effects of a plant sterol-enriched spread on serum lipids and lipoproteins in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects.
Acta Cardiol
. 2002;57:111-115.
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Amundsen AL, Ose L, Nenseter MS, et al. Plant sterol ester-enriched spread lowers plasma total and LDL cholesterol in children with familial hypercholesterolemia.
Am J Clin Nutr
. 2002;76:338-344.
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Simons L. Additive effect of plant sterol-ester margarine and cerivastatin in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in primary hypercholesterolemia.
Am J Cardiol.
2002;90:737.
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Vanstone CA, Raeini-Sarjaz M, Parsons WE, et al. Unesterified plant sterols and stanols lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations equivalently in hypercholesterolemic persons.
Am J Clin Nutr
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Weststrate JA, Meijer GW. Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects.
Eur J Clin Nutr
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Jones PJ, Raeini-Sarjaz M, Ntanios FY, et al. Modulation of plasma lipid levels and cholesterol kinetics by phytosterol versus phytostanol esters.
Lipid Res
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Cleghorn CL, Skeaff CM, Mann J, et al. Plant sterol-enriched spread enhances the cholesterol-lowering potential of a fat-reduced diet.
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Lee YM, Haastert B, Scherbaum W, et al. A phytosterol-enriched spread improves the lipid profile of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial under free-living conditions.
Eur J Nutr
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Richelle M, Enslen M, Hager C, et al. Both free and esterified plant sterols reduce cholesterol absorption and the bioavailability of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol in normocholesterolemic humans.
Am J Clin Nutr
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Noakes M, Clifton PM, Doornbos AM, et al. Plant sterol ester-enriched milk and yoghurt effectively reduce serum cholesterol in modestly hypercholesterolemic subjects.
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Sudhop T, Lutjohann D, Agna M, et al. Comparison of the effects of sitostanol, sitostanol acetate, and sitostanol oleate on the inhibition of cholesterol absorption in normolipemic healthy male volunteers. A placebo controlled randomized cross-over study.
Arzneimittelforschung
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Seki S, Hidaka I, Kojima K, et al. Effects of phytosterol ester-enriched vegetable oil on plasma lipoproteins in healthy men.
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Richelle M, Enslen M, Hager C, et al. Both free and esterified plant sterols reduce cholesterol absorption and the bioavailability of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol in normocholesterolemic humans.
Am J Clin Nutr
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Jauhiainen T, Salo P, Niittynen L, et al. Effects of low-fat hard cheese enriched with plant stanol esters on serum lipids and apolipoprotein B in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects.
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Saito S, Tomonobu K, Kudo N, et al. Serum Retinol, alpha-Tocopherol, and beta-Carotene Levels Are Not Altered by Excess Ingestion of Diacylglycerol-Containing Plant Sterol Esters.
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Castro Cabezas M, de Vries JH, Van Oostrom AJ, et al. Effects of a stanol-enriched diet on plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in patients treated with statins.
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Woodgate D, Chan CH, Conquer JA. Cholesterol-lowering ability of a phytostanol softgel supplement in adults with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia.
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Plana N, Nicolle C, Ferre R, et al. Plant sterol-enriched fermented milk enhances the attainment of LDL-cholesterol goal in hypercholesterolemic subjects.
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